Introduction. Since the 2000s, international trade in agricultural commodities and food has increased several times in real terms over the last period. Over time, economic entities increasingly resorted to the mechanisms of international trade to increase specialization and use their comparative advantages, dividing the production process into stages and choosing a place to organize each of them in such a way that production is the least expensive. As a result, production processes have become cross-border and global value chains (GVCs) have emerged, i.e., stages of the production process are located across different countries. In the food and agricultural sectors, there are also have GVCs.

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