Introduction. The accurate estimation of land surface temperature (LST) is essential for various applications, including climate modeling, agriculture, and urban planning. Land surface temperature (LST) is a critical parameter in understanding the dynamics of Earth's surface and its interactions with the atmosphere. Accurate and reliable assessment of LST is essential for various applications, including climate modeling, environmental monitoring, urban planning, and agricultural management. Traditionally, LST measurements have heavily relied on ground-based meteorological stations, which provide localized data but have inherent limitations in capturing the full spatial and temporal variability of surface temperatures [1].

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