M.Rajapboev – senior teacher, “Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Agricultural Mechanization Engineers” National Research University, Department of “Geodesy and Geoinformatics”, N.Teshaev – Assistant Professor, “Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Agricultural Mechanization Engineers” National Research University, Department of “Geodesy and Geoinformatics” Abstract This article presents about the refractive index which is equal to the speed of a specific wavelength of light in vacuum space divided by that same wavelength's speed in an object. This contribution focuses on geodetic sensor systems and sensor networks for positioning and applications. The key problems in this area will be addressed together with an overview of applications. Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) play a central role in many applications like engineering, mapping and remote sensing. Key words: refraction, geodetic observations, air temperature, the length of line.

Rajapboev Maqsud Xallievich – head teacher, in "Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Agricultural Mechanization Engineers" National Research University, Department of “Geodesy and Geoinformatics”, Teshaev Nozimjon Nusratovich – Assistant Professor in "Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Agricultural Mechanization Engineers" National Research University, Department of “Geodesy and Geoinformatics”, Yoqubov Jamshid Yoqub o’g’li – Bachelor student in "Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Agricultural Mechanization Engineers" National Research University, Department of “Geodesy and Geoinformatics” Abstract Terrestrial geodetic techniques observe the Earth surface and its changes, sea level, gravity field and the height by sensors on or near to the Earth surface. Such terrestrial techniques are: Tide Gauge measurements to measure sea surface heights at the coast. Absolute and relative gravity measurements on ground. The article analyzes the issues of programming methods for geodetic observations of precipitation and horizontal displacements of engineering structures, which, despite the noted features, are used in the study and forecasting of the state of structures during their operation. In the article questions of methods of programming of geodetic observations of precipitation and horizontal displacements of engineering structures are analyzed, which, despite the noted features, find application in studying and forecasting the state of structures in the process of their operation. Key words: precipitation observations, engineering structures, construction forecasting, programming, geodetic observations.

A.N. Jumanov - “Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Agricultural Mechanization Engineers” National Research University Abstract Geographic information systems serve as an essential integration component of precision farming solutions. Land use has generally been considered a local environmental issue, but it is becoming a force of global importance. Worldwide changes to forests, farmlands, waterways, and air are being driven by the need to provide food, fiber, water, and shelter to more than six billion people. Global croplands, pastures, plantations, and urban areas have expanded in recent decades, accompanied by large increases in energy, water, and fertilizer consumption, along with considerable losses of biodiversity. Such changes in land use have enabled humans to appropriate an increasing share of the planet’s resources, but they also potentially undermine the capacity of ecosystems to sustain food production, maintain freshwater and forest resources, regulate climate and air quality, and ameliorate infectious diseases. We face the challenge of managing trade-offs between immediate human needs and maintaining the capacity of the biosphere to provide goods and services in the long term. Keywords: Land, Remote Sensing, Yield mapping, Fertilizer, Precision Agriculture; agricultural land; ArcGIS.

T.Shavazov – Assistant teacher in Geodesy and Geoinformatics department, “Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Agricultural Mechanization Engineers” National Research University, A.Ashurov - Senior teacher of “State cadastre” department, “Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Agricultural Mechanization Engineers” National Research University, J.Yoqubov – BSc student, “Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Agricultural Mechanization Engineers” National Research University Abstract The melting of glaciers is a clear indication of global warming, which is caused by human activities like burning fossil fuels and deforestation. This phenomenon has far-reaching consequences for our planet, including rising sea levels, changes in ocean currents, and altered weather patterns. It is crucial that we take immediate action to reduce our carbon footprint and prevent further damage to our planet's delicate ecosystems. The Pamir mountains range, located in Central Asia, is known for its vast glaciers that provide crucial water resources to the surrounding countries. However, due to global warming and other environmental factors, the glaciers are melting at an alarming rate. This has led to concerns about the impact on the ecosystem, as well as the availability of freshwater for human consumption and agricultural purposes. Remote sensing technologies have emerged as an essential tool for analyzing the melting of glaciers in the Pamir mountains range. Remote sensing technologies involve using instruments such as satellites, aircraft, and drones to gather data on various aspects of the earth's surface. These technologies can provide valuable information on glacier extent and thickness, changes in temperature and precipitation patterns, and other parameters that affect glacier melt. By analyzing this data over time, researchers can gain insights into how glaciers are changing and what factors are driving this change. Keywords: Central Asia, Global change, Remote Sensing, Google Earth Pro.

Azamat Jumanov – PhD, Sh.Daminova – student of “Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Agricultural Mechanization Engineers” National Research University Abstract This study analyzes soil sealing and its repercussions in the loss of fertile soils, which are more appropriate for agriculture use. Also, soil sealing increases flood risk. The main objective is to estimate soil loss by sealing in the Yakkabog River Basin (Kashkadarya, Uzbekistan) between 2010 and 2020. The combination of digital processing (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), principal components and convolution filters) of satellite imagery with the digital terrain model helps to detect risk areas and allows quick updating of sealed soil mapping. The supervised classifications of the images were used to estimate the actual soil loss by sealing in the Yakkabog River Basin and the types and agrologic classes that have been lost. Soil loss occurs to a greater extent in highly permeable soils (sands) and in the most fertile soils. The main sealed soil associations are luvisols (alfisols), regosols (entisols) and cambisols (inceptisols). Keywords: soil erosion, impact, remote sensing, Kashkadarya.

Rozikulova Oykhumor Shermamatovna - Tashkent institute of irrigation and agricultural mechanization engineers National research university, Associate Professor of Geodesy and GIS department. Teshaev Nozimjon Nusratovich – Tashkent institute of irrigation and agricultural mechanization engineers National research university, assistant professor of Geodesy and GIS department. Abstract This article aims to investigate the correlation between land surface temperature (LST) predictions derived from POWER (Prediction of Worldwide Energy Resources) data and the actual measurements obtained from meteorological stations in the Jizzakh region, Uzbekistan. The study focuses on LST 2 meters above the land surface and examines the predictive accuracy for maximum daily temperature and minimum temperature. Through a comprehensive analysis, high correlation coefficients of 0.95 and 0.81 are observed for maximum daily temperature and minimum temperature, respectively. This research provides valuable insights into the utility of remote sensing data for LST prediction and establishes the potential for improving temperature assessments in the Jizzakh region. Keywords : land surface temperature, POWER data, meteorological station data, Jizzakh region, Uzbekistan, correlation, prediction, remote sensing.

F.B. Kilicheva - Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences, Associate Professor, National Research University “Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Agricultural Mechanization Engineers” Abstract The article discusses examples of conducting practical classes in the Russian language. Interactive activity involves the organization and development of interactive communication, which increases cognitive interest, develops the skills of analysis and introspection in the process of group reflection, forms a group community. Key words: interactive methods, personality, activity, training, cinquain, acquaintance in pairs, circle of names, sincwine, dating in pairs, circle of names, complete the sentences, scheme «why?», «clusters».

A.A.Odilov - Senior teacher, Turin Polytechnical University in Tashkent Abstract The greater need than ever for well-prepared teachers with a strong subject knowledge, instructional and ICT skills has exacerbated during and after COVID-19 pandemic all around the world. Policymakers have understood clearly that the recovery from the learning loss and removing learning inequalities among students cannot be achieved without experienced teachers. In this regard, creating a more attractive career structure can be one of efficient solutions to staff schools with highly motivated teachers and to increase the status of the profession. This paper analyzes analyze the current state of teacher career pathways in Uzbekistan, identifies issues and challenges and provides policy recommendations on the design of effective career structure of teachers through the analysis of the efficiency of current reforms in Uzbekistan and lessons learned from the experience of other countries performing well in education rankings. Key words: teacher, career structure, teaching profession, salary progression model, career ladder model, teacher appraisal, certification, internal evaluation, external evaluation, category levels, teacher professional standards.

S.N.Sadullayev – PhD student, “Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Agricultural Mechanization Engineers” National Research University Abstract In the article, the role and importance of dehkan farms and household plots in the cultivation of agricultural products is presented in the scientific point of view. Keywords: Agriculture, peasant farm, the specific importance of peasant and farmland in agriculture.

I.O.Yunusov, PhD, “Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Agricultural Mechanization Engineers” National Research University, U.N.Sadullaev, Researcher, PhD of the International Center for Strategic Development and Research in Food and Agriculture Abstract This article discusses the various approaches of leading economists to economic indicators, the concept of efficiency in the production of walnuts, the features of growing walnuts, assessing the effectiveness of growing walnuts, including the formation of a system of indicators that determine economic efficiency and improvement, methods for their calculation. Keywords: modern economy, economic efficiency, high-yielding varieties, walnut, indicators, approaches, etc.

U.R.Sangirova, PhD, “Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Agricultural Mechanization Engineers” National Research University, B.Rakhmonova – PhD, Andijan Institute of Agriculture and Agrotechnologies Abstract The relevance of the article lies in the modern interest of the walnut industry as the head of our Republic, and other Republics. The article describes the benefits of nut plantations, their importance in the global con¬sumer market. It describes the current state of nut plantations in Uzbekistan, the ongoing reforms in this in¬dustry and their results. Keywords: efficiency, nuts, prospects, import, export, etc.

I.O.Yunusov, PhD, Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Agricultural Mechanization Engineers National Research University Abstract This article, based on monographic studies, analyzes the directions of state support for improving the food supply of fisheries, the composition of fish feeds, the requirements for fish feeds, the sources of providing fish farms with feeds, and the problems that exist in the fishing industry today are identified, and the corresponding suggestions and recommendations. Keywords: fish feeds, natural products, artificial feed, feed composition, fish food requirements, fisheries problems, state support, etc.

U.Alimov, D.Mutalova, Sh.Abdug'aniyeva - "Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Agricultural Mechanization Engineers" National Research University Abstract In scientific research, the theoretical framework of the proportion of rural agricultural and non-agricultural income in the livelihoods of the permanent rural population has been studied. In addition, data from a social survey conducted among 20 respondents (families) in Tashkent region were used to assess the economic indicators influenced by factors affecting income, such as the number of family members, level of education of family members, condition of infrastructure, agricultural production capacity and experience of rural population, and statistical significance of land fertility. Furthermore, the ratio of rural agricultural income to non-agricultural income in rural areas (calculated on an annual basis) was determined as a scientifically based conclusion, and recommendations were provided on the subject matter. Keywords: Agricultural income, non-agricultural income, agricultural infrastructure, potential, experience, livestock farming, plant breeding.

G.Tashxodjayeva - Assistant of the Department of Accounting and Auditing, National Research University “TIIAME”, Y.Samandarov - 3rd year student of “Accounting and Auditing” department, National Research University “TIIAME” Abstract To date, in-depth analysis of the current state of socio-economic development of the regions of the Republic of Uzbekistan, the development of forward-looking targeted programs, their comprehensive assessment and the development of comprehensive measures to address emerging problems. there was no single coordinated mechanism for level response. The rating system of socio-economic development of the regions is now used to make decisions in the socio-economic spheres at the national level or in individual regions, to identify systemic problems in the regions, to assess the real economic potential of the regions, to analyze living standards and incomes. It is a unique methodology for increasing the responsibility of the heads of local executive bodies on the basis of constant monitoring of their activities and an objective assessment of their effectiveness. Kеywоrds: Economic potential, evaluation, scoring criteria, production indicators, rating, district, city, region.

O.Sattorov – PhD, “TIIAME” National Research University Abstract It is known that the natural-climatic conditions and geographical location of Kashkadarya region, as well as the relatively high potential of resources (land, water, labor, mineral fertilizers, climatic effects, etc.) create a basis for sustainable development of horticulture. At the same time, in recent years, special attention has been paid to the development of intensive horticulture with the introduction of dryland and pasture lands, the introduction of drip irrigation system, and the granting of incentives and subsidies for this type of farms opens new pages in intensive horticulture for Kashkadarya region, which has a large dryland and pasture land area. Keywords: intensive gardening, efficiency, productivity, profitability.

U.Sadullaev, Researcher of the International Center for Strategic Development and Research in Food and Agriculture Abstract The article discusses the actualization of greenhouse gas emissions in livestock farming in the context of climate change, their average indicators, and the current situation in our country. Keywords: environmental problems, climate change, livestock intensification, agroclusters, fodder area, etc.

N.S.Khushmatov, Doctor of economic sciences, Professor, National Center for Knowledge and Innovation in Agriculture, Chief Scientific Secretary, I.O.Yunusov, PhD, Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Agricultural Mechanization Engineers National Research University Abstract This article analyzes the stages of marketing of fish products, methods of marketing and formation of prices for the sale of fish products, as well as knowledge about the sale of fish products and its organization, as well as practical aspects related to the organization of the availability of skills are highlighted as one of the main factors. Keywords: marketing of fish products, socio-economic significance and necessity, marketing research, sales channels, domestic and foreign markets, etc.

M.Tsoy - PhD, Djizzakh Polytechnical Institute, A.Tulaboev - PhD, TIIAME NRU, D.Muxtarova - Master student TIIAME NRU Abstract The article considers the world experience and practice of gender equality, which is one of the human rights enshrined in many declarations and conventions. Much attention is paid to this issue in our state, to help improve the situation in the field of gender equality. The main directions of gender equality in the employment of women are studied, the gender balance by spheres of work is given, the influencing factors are analyzed, a number of practical proposals and recommendations are given. Key words: gender equality, gender statistics, human rights, human interests, guarantees of equal rights and opportunities for women and men, the level of gender equality.

I.Sh.Baymuradova, Ph.D. student Samarkand Branch of Tashkent State University of Economics Abstract In this article, the prospects for the development of agritourism in Uzbekistan, a type of tourism that is currently becoming a leading industry in the world economy, were studied based on a review of various scientific literature. The experience of Northwestern European countries, in particular Latvia, in terms of agritourism, its many years of activity in agriculture and agrarian policy supporting the diversification of farming activities were analyzed. The potential for the development of this type of tourism, which is still new in Uzbekistan, the statistics of objects that can serve for tourists to relax in the villages, enjoy nature, and participate in agricultural activities were studied. Recommendations were given on the low level of use of agricultural enterprises that want to engage in this activity, which services should be introduced by carrying out the experience of foreign countries. Keywords: agritourism, rural tourism, agritourism experience in Latvia, agritourism potential of Uzbekistan.

Sh.Murodov PhD National Research University “Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Agricultural Mechanization Engineers” Abstract In the content analyzed approaches to the disclosure of the essence of added value chains that are formed within the framework of integration interactions of entities jointly participating in the creation of a certain final product. Besides that, substantiated the principles ensuring the integration of product chains into a single economic space and the coordination of their functioning with the strategy of socio-economic development of regions. The evolution of the theory of value chain organization has led to a shift in emphasis from optimizing the operational activities of entities integrated within product chains to optimizing intersectional and intersubjective relationships, as well as to considering value chains as specific business systems of various levels. Keywords: value-added chains, agro-industrial integration, agro-food complex, product chains, processing chains.